Deep_Learning
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Enhancing Deep Learning Model Performance through Data Generation Strategies: Classification of Olive Tree Diseases
2026-10-26 11:53:49Hicham El Akhal, Abderrahim Waga, Aissa Ben Yahya, Abdelbaki El Belrhiti El AlaouiAbstract
Deep learning models are highly effective in a wide range of domains, particu larly in plant disease diagnosis. However, their performance is often limited by challenges such as insufficient data and class imbalance. In our work, we propose a comprehensive data generation strategy to overcome these limitations. First, we apply various data generation techniques, including traditional augmentation methods, CutMix, MixUp, and synthetic image generation using Deep Convolu tional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGANs), to create new data samples. Second, we exploit this generated data in three scenarios: (S1) balancing class distribution in the original dataset, (S2) increasing the number of samples per class, and (S3) expanding the dataset while maintaining balanced classes. Third, we evaluate the impact of these data distributions (S1, S2, S3) on model perfor mance using the EfficientNetV2B0 architecture with pre-trained and fine-tuned weights. The experimental results show a substantial improvement in classifica tion accuracy, emphasizing the critical role of data diversity and class balance. These findings highlight the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed strat egy of data generation and distribution for enhancing dataset quality, offering promising applications in plant disease detection and precision agriculture.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.35984
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Low-rank MERA Decomposition of 3D OCT Image Volume for Compression, Denoising, Feature Extraction and Diagnosis of Retinal Diseases
2026-10-26 11:45:42Ivica Kopriva, Fei Shi, Marija \v{S}tanfel, Qin Peng, Jianhao Bao, Gaowei Li, Xinjian ChenAbstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging modality used for visualization of retinal tissue. However, OCT volumes are affected by speckle noise, which degrades image contrast and obscures fine structural details. Furthermore, modern clinical practice requires large field-of-view, high-resolution OCT volumes, whose storage and transmission are demanding for archiving and teleophthalmology applications. To address aforementioned challenges, we propose a low-rank multi-scale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA) tensor network approximation of 3D OCT image volume, where the image volume is represented as contractions of a top core factor encoding global features and multiple interacting low-rank orthogonal or semi-orthogonal factors modeling inter- and intra-B scan correlations. This representation jointly enables compression, denoising, and feature extraction. Unlike deep learning approaches, the proposed approach is training-free and processes each OCT volume independently. We evaluate the proposed framework on OCT image volumes acquired by two different scanners and demonstrate improved visual quality and reduced retinal layer segmentation errors in comparison with several competing methods. We also extract MERA features from two clinical OCT volume datasets. They are subsequently classified using a Grassmann-manifold nearest-subspace classifier. With the subspace dimension as its only hyperparameter, the classifier is theoretically shown to be robust in small-sample clinical scenario. We demonstrate competitive accuracy of classification of retinal diseases in these small-sample settings, where deep learning methods are often limited by the scarcity of labeled data. The proposed structure-aware model-driven representation learning for high-dimensional data under limited supervision provides good generalization performance while maintaining high interpretability.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.35271
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Streaming Recurrent Memory
2026-10-26 04:29:44Mohamed Elsayed, Minh Pham, A. Rupam MahmoodAbstract
Natural intelligence learns from a continuous stream of sensorimotor experience: data can arrive at high bandwidth, and behavior adapts to feedback as soon as it arrives, even when it is delayed. In contrast, most modern deep learning systems rely on stored datasets, replay buffers, and retained contexts through which credit is later assigned. At high data rates, storing and revisiting past experience can be impractical under tight memory and computational constraints. This paper studies recurrent memory under a streaming learning constraint: the learner learns from experience as soon as it arrives without storing raw experience. We ask whether a streaming learner can maintain a state that remains useful for future prediction and control from delayed feedback. We introduce Streaming Recurrent Memory (SRM), a recurrent memory designed for the streaming setting which preserves information that may matter later while remaining trainable with one-step backpropagation through time (BPTT). SRM provides a streaming-compatible recurrence that is designed to recall past information by content or time, track elapsed steps, and compose transformations whose outcome depends on the order in which inputs are observed. Across controlled memory tasks and streaming applications, SRM learns effectively with one-step BPTT, outperforming recurrent baselines in associative recall and online language modeling while achieving near-perfect success in associative T-Maze with delayed rewards. These results suggest that fixing how inputs are stored in the recurrent state, while learning how that state is read out, enables effective streaming learning without long-range backpropagation.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.34833
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Interpretable Brain Age Prediction Using White Matter Fiber Orientation Distributions with Rotation-Equivariant Deep Learning
2026-10-26 04:14:38Chenyang Fan, Robert D. Sanders, Elie Matar, Yixuan Yuan, Xiang Li, Sharon L. Naismith, Fernando Calamante, Jinglei LvAbstract
Diffusion MRI (dMRI) provides information about white matter microstructure that can support brain age prediction. However, many existing prediction models use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scalar metrics that omit orientation information. Deep learning is increasingly used for brain age prediction, but conventional CNNs do not explicitly respect the geometric structure of orientation-dependent features. We present an interpretable brain age prediction framework that combines white matter fiber orientation distributions (WM-FODs) with an SE(3) (Special Euclidean group in 3 dimensions) equivariant CNN. The network operates directly on spherical harmonic (SH) coefficients of the FOD, preserving their transformation properties under rotation. Evaluation in 692 participants aged 36-90 years from the Human Connectome Project Aging dataset showed that the combined framework outperformed the evaluated DTI-based models and conventional CNNs. Averaging predictions from five cross-validation models yielded a mean absolute error of 3.54 years and Pearson's correlation of 0.958. Our results indicated that the performance advantage depended on combining WM-FODs with equivariant processing. Prediction accuracy was highest at a maximum SH order of Lmax = 2 and declined at higher orders. Tract-level occlusion, where each segmented tract was masked in turn, revealed age-dependent patterns of model sensitivity, with importance peaks in frontal projection pathways at 36-44 years, the fornix at 45-54 years, the callosal isthmus at 55-64 years, the middle cerebellar peduncle at 65-74 years, and the callosal genu at 75-90 years. These findings support rotation-equivariant processing of WM-FODs for accurate brain age prediction with anatomically interpretable model sensitivity.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.34825
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Acute Stroke Classification Using Asymmetric Data Standardization and Orthogonal-Focal Loss Optimized CNN-ViT Cross-Attention Fusion: A Multicenter External Validation Study
2026-10-25 19:43:28Tansel UyarAbstract
Background/Objectives: Rapid differentiation of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes is vital for acute management. Although current deep learning models achieve high single-dataset accuracy, they suffer from "shortcut learning" and domain shift in external validation. This study proposes a hierarchical computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) system mimicking emergency triage. Methods: We introduce a 3-channel Radiology-Focused Preprocessing pipeline that feeds radiological Hounsfield Unit (HU) windows into Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Vision Transformer (ViT) backbones via asymmetric formats (.mat and .png). The architecture utilizes a novel joint cross-attention fusion network optimized by an Integrated Orthogonal-Focal Loss. Results: Our system achieved a 95.48% F1-score on the internal stroke dataset. However, multi-center external validation (AISD, BHSD, PhysioNet) using a Mask Anchor filter revealed a drop to the 58-62% range, exposing the "internal validation illusion" caused by hardware noise. Critically, models exhibited high precision (77%) but low sensitivity (57%) for ischemic stroke, proving prone to hemorrhage overdiagnosis. Multi-seed variance analysis demonstrated that the DenseNet201+ViT backbone yielded the lowest deviation (0.59) and highest stability, making it the most reliable architecture for real-world clinical integration. Conclusions: To overcome diagnostic challenges, future research must focus on multimodal architectures that combine 3D volumetric extraction with clinical data.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.34529
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Real-Time Conveyor Belt Defect Detection via Edge TPU-Accelerated YOLOv11 on Raspberry Pi 5
2026-10-25 14:14:37Muhammad Nur Bijak Bestari, Mulki Indana ZulfaAbstract
Conveyor belts are vital arteries in continuous bulk material handling, particularly in heavy process industries such as cement manufacturing. Undetected structural anomalies (longitudinal tears, holes, degraded patch repairs, and impact punctures) cause catastrophic belt snapping, costly downtime, and severe safety hazards. While deep learning offers high accuracy, existing models rely on power-hungry workstation GPUs, hindering practical deployment at remote industrial edge points. In this paper, we propose, implement, and validate an end-to-end, low-power edge AI vision system for real-time conveyor belt defect detection deployed on a Raspberry Pi 5 accelerated by a Google Coral Edge TPU coprocessor. The system leverages an optimized YOLOv11 nano (YOLOv11n) architecture trained on a multi-source industrial corpus exceeding 3,000 augmented samples from an operational cement plant in West Java, open-source datasets, and automated captures. The model undergoes post-training full integer quantization (INT8) compiled for systolic tensor execution. Experimental results demonstrate robust detection capability, achieving precision of 0.742, recall of 0.730, and mAP@0.5 of 0.764 across four defect classes. Deployed on-site in an IP-rated enclosure interfaced with an RTSP PoE industrial camera, the system achieves stable throughput of 30-40 FPS at 320x320 resolution with an end-to-end latency of 70-90 ms. Operational profiling under harsh clinker dust confirms thermal equilibrium at 55 +/- 5 deg C on the host CPU and ~65 deg C on the Edge TPU with zero frame loss. This demonstrates that edge AI bridges the gap between high-accuracy computer vision and cost-effective predictive maintenance in continuous manufacturing.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.34304
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Does Notation Matter? MusicXML Tokenisation for Symbolic Music Generation and Understanding
2026-10-25 12:21:25Andrea Poltronieri, Matteo Spanio, Simone Chieppa, Xavier Serra, Mart\'in RocamoraAbstract
Symbolic music representations encode musical content at varying levels of completeness, from performance-oriented formats such as MIDI to fully notated scores such as MusicXML. Yet the impact of this representational richness on deep learning models remains poorly understood. While tokenisation has been extensively studied for MIDI, score-based formats have received considerably less attention, and MusicXML in particular remains largely unexplored despite being the de-facto standard for score interchange. In this paper, we introduce the first general-purpose tokenisation framework for MusicXML, and conduct a systematic empirical study to determine whether notational richness confers a measurable advantage for deep learning on symbolic music. We train 26 autoregressive and masked language models, comparing MusicXML tokenisation against MIDI and ABC-based representations, probing the effect of different tokenisation strategies within MusicXML, and testing whether music-grammar-aware tokenisation outperforms treating scores as plain text. We evaluate music understanding tasks using linear probing across composer classification, difficulty estimation, and accompaniment suggestion, and generative tasks using objective statistical metrics and a human pairwise preference study. Our results show that MusicXML-tokenised models outperform MIDI and text-based counterparts on understanding and generative tasks.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.34247
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Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Network for Single-Shot 3D Reconstruction from Fringe Patterns
2026-10-25 01:58:48Xinjie Zhou, XiaoLei LiAbstract
Deep learning facilitates rapid single shot three dimensional (3D) reconstruction using fringe projection profilometry (FPP), but recovering accurate surface height from a single high frequency fringe image remains challenging because both long-range spatial consistency and fine geometric details must be preserved. Convolutional networks are limited in modeling long range dependencies, whereas window-based Transformers establish global interactions only progressively with increasing depth. To address these limitations, a hybrid Mamba Transformer network is proposed for fringe to height regression. The network adopts a Swin based U shaped architecture and introduces visual state space modeling at the intermediate resolution encoder stage. An axial and dilated vision state space (ADVSS) block is further developed to enhance prescan feature encoding through local, dilated, and axial depthwise convolutions while retaining four directional selective scanning. This design combines linear complexity long range modeling with direction aware preservation of local fringe structures. Experiments on a publicly available FPP dataset show that the proposed method outperforms hNet, SwinConvUNet, UHRNet, and HiDNet in mean absolute error(MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), absolute relative error, and structural similarity index measure (SSIM). Using only one deformed fringe image, the proposed method achieves an RMSE of 0.548 mm and an SSIM of 0.9985, reducing RMSE by 65.2% and 59.6% relative to UHRNet and HiDNet, respectively. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining selective state space modeling with hierarchical window based attention for accurate single-shot FPP reconstruction.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33988
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EmoNet: A Lightweight Attention-Based CNN for Speech Emotion Recognition
2026-10-25 01:26:35Muhammad Moiz Khalid, Abdur Rehman Tariq, Muhammad Okasha YaminAbstract
Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) is a fundamental task in affective computing that enables applications such as mental health assessment, human-computer interaction, and automated customer support systems. Accurate emotion classification from speech remains challenging due to variations in speaker style, acoustic conditions, and the high computational cost of modern deep learning approaches. Many existing systems depend on large transformer-based architectures that require substantial computational resources, making them less suitable for real-time or resource-constrained environments. This research proposes EmoNet, a lightweight deep learning framework for speech emotion classification across seven emotion categories. The model is built on a four-block depthwise separable CNN encoder with squeeze-and-excitation attention and residual connections, combined with a Bidirectional LSTM for temporal feature learning and a multi-head attention pooling mechanism for improved representation. A comprehensive 134-channel acoustic feature set alongside data augmentation techniques including audio-level perturbations and SpecAugment is employed to improve robustness under diverse acoustic conditions. Evaluated on a combined dataset of TESS, RAVDESS, and SAVEE, EmoNet achieves a test accuracy of 96.75% with only 4.11 million parameters. The proposed model outperforms its reproduced baseline and remains competitive with significantly larger state-of-the-art architectures.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33977
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EEGBiFormer: Real-Time EEG Attention Classification via Hybrid CNN-Transformer with EEG-Informed Auditory Protocol Validation
2026-10-24 18:10:46Isabella GuanAbstract
Sustained attention is critical for academic performance, yet existing auditory support tools are static and not grounded in real-time neural evidence. This paper presents EEGBiFormer, a hybrid CNN-Transformer model for realtime binary classification of attention states, focus versus nonfocus, from 16-channel EEG signals. A custom analog front-end acquisition board was designed and built to collect a task-based EEG dataset. Before model training, spectral and connectivity analysis, using Power Spectral Density and Phase Locking Value, confirmed distinct neural signatures between attention states, providing physiological grounding for the classification approach. EEGBiFormer achieved 91.3 percent window-level validation accuracy with an F1 score of 94.5 percent, and 88.2 percent recording-level accuracy across 17 independent sessions. End-to-end system latency was measured below 100 ms, supporting real-time responsiveness. The trained model was further used to objectively rank auditory stimuli by focus-state confidence, yielding EEG-informed audio protocols. In a paired within-subject behavioral study with 37 participants, these protocols produced a statistically significant 20 percent improvement in composite attention scores over silent controls, with a medium-to-large effect size. This work demonstrates a complete pipeline from custom EEG hardware through neural signal analysis, deep learning classification, and evidence-based auditory protocol design.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33832
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ZoomSEM: accelerating large-scale brain connectomics with intelligent SEM super-resolution
2026-10-24 10:18:50Jiateng Shou, Zhiwei Xiong, Ruikang Xu, Zhicheng Wang, Peiyao Shi, Te Shi, Haiqun Jin, Chunying Yin, Jun Guo, Manfred Auer, Hanchuan Peng, Ruobing Zhang, Feng WuAbstract
Serial electron microscopy (EM) is essential for large-volume biological imaging and connectomics, yet its throughput remains a major bottleneck, with cubic-millimeter-scale brain imaging requiring months or years. Existing deep learning-based EM super-resolution methods are limited to small upscaling factors or rely on synthetic data, offering modest acceleration and limited practical impact. We introduce ZoomSEM, a deep learning-based super-resolution method to dramatically accelerate SEM imaging. Trained on real low- and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pairs, ZoomSEM enables reliable recovery of 4$\times$, 8$\times$, and up to 16$\times$ higher-resolution images from fast low-resolution scans while preserving fine neuronal structures critical for connectomic analysis, achieving up to 30-fold effective acceleration. Extensive experiments across datasets of diverse biological samples demonstrate robust generalization under realistic low-resolution acquisition. This advance enables high-resolution, large-volume serial EM imaging at unprecedented speed, poised to transform connectomics and related fields.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33580
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Energy Efficient Lung Tumor Segmentation with a modified CBAM ENet Skip Model
2026-10-24 06:06:40Sharan Thummagunti, Aayushi Padia, Abhiram Koppuravuri, Prabhu Prasad B M, G N GirishAbstract
Lung tumor segmentation plays a vital role in early detection and treatment planning of lung cancer. Although state-of-the-art deep learning models achieve high dice score coefficients (DSC), each forward pass requires computing large amounts of floating point operations, making them computationally expensive, requiring GPU acceleration, and having slow inference speed, limiting real-world clinical deployment. We propose a lightweight, energy-efficient model that leverages the ENet architecture for its real-time inference capability and low computational cost, enhanced with UNet-style skip connections between encoder and decoder stages for feature reuse and the lightweight Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) for improved feature representation. The model is trained on publicly available data from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) via the Medical Segmentation Decathlon Challenge (MSD) and evaluated on the Lung Image Database Consortium and Image Database Resource Initiative (LIDC-IDRI) dataset. Our model achieves a DSC of 0.90812 (threshold of 0.5) with its compact architecture of 430,052 parameters and 0.549 Giga Multiply-Accumulate operations (GMAC), making it up to 10 times faster, requires 79 times less GMAC than UNet, and has 22 times fewer parameters than SegNet. These characteristics make it well-suited for deployment in clinical settings where computational resources are limited and decrease the cost of utilizing such a system. Additionally, the explainable AI technique of Grad-CAM is used to provide visual interpretability of the model's predictions and to identify regions where segmentation performance requires improvement.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33479
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LLMs in Cloud: A Discussion on Architecture, Orchestration, and Inference
2026-10-24 05:53:48Jannatun Noor, Athar Noor Mohammad Rafee, Md. Sadman Haque, Sreezon Das Gupta, Atiar Osman, Md. Abu Obaida ZishanAbstract
The widespread deployment of foundational Large Language Models (LLM) across cloud datacenters marks a fundamental paradigm shift from stateless deep learning toward distributed, memory-intensive generative workloads. However, serving massive foundation models under stringent Service Level Objectives (SLO) exposes critical physical and system bottlenecks. These challenges include the persistent High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) wall, operational asymmetry between compute-bound prefilling and memory-bandwidth-bound decoding, explosive Key-Value (KV) cache expansion, prohibitive serverless cold starts, and hardware reliability vulnerabilities. Existing literature reviews remain layer-siloed, decoupling low-level accelerator virtualization from cluster orchestration and runtime inference, while largely overlooking defining advancements from 2024 to 2026. To address these limitations, this study presents a comprehensive, cross-layer systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 framework. We synthesize a holistic taxonomy unifying hardware virtualization, cluster-level scheduling, and runtime inference optimizations, including iteration-level continuous batching, prefill-decoding disaggregation, and hierarchical KV cache offloading. Furthermore, we evaluate resilient cloud-native service architectures, examining scale-to-zero serverless paradigms, fault-tolerant checkpointing against silent data corruption, and hardware-enforced Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) for multi-tenant isolation. Finally, we formalize the multi-dimensional Pareto trade-offs governing throughput, latency, monetary cost, and confidentiality, outlining a forward-looking research roadmap spanning Compute Express Link (CXL) memory pooling, in-memory computing, and autonomous multi-agent control planes to guide future cloud LLM infrastructure.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33475
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How Robust Are CNNs and Vision Transformers for Alzheimer's MRI Classification Across Datasets?
2026-10-24 03:11:02Hafija Aktar, Molly Croes, Frank S. Menniti, Abdeltawab HendawiAbstract
Accurate assessment of Alzheimer's disease stages from MRI is important for understanding disease progression and supporting the development of computer-aided analysis tools. Deep learning models have shown promising results for Alzheimer's disease classification from MRI. However, when evaluated on single datasets, it is difficult to determine whether the observed performance reflects consistent architectural behavior or dataset-specific effects. In this work, we present a multi-dataset benchmarking framework with standardized preprocessing and evaluation. We compare five architectures: ResNet-50, ReXNet-150, Swin Transformer, ViT-Base, and ViT-Large. The models are evaluated across three MRI datasets representing severe class imbalance, train-test distribution mismatch, and large-scale augmentation. The results show broadly consistent performance patterns across datasets, with ViT-Large achieving the best performance on all three datasets and reaching up to 99.84% accuracy and 99.86% macro F1. Performance differences between architectures are most pronounced under distribution mismatch and considerably smaller in the augmented-data setting. Across datasets, lower class-level performance is observed primarily among adjacent early-stage categories, particularly Very Mild and Mild impairment. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating deep learning architectures across multiple data conditions rather than relying on single-dataset performance.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33416
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Data Optimization for LLMs: A Survey
2026-10-24 02:36:59Ou WuAbstract
Large language models (LLMs) have attracted great attention in both academic and industrial communities in recent years. Numerous survey studies have covered various aspects of LLMs, such as learning strategies, applications, alignment, explainability, and evaluation. However, little headway has been made in reviewing data-related aspects for LLMs, despite data being recognized as a key factor contributing to the emergence of the LLMs era. A wide range of data optimization algorithms and techniques are employed in LLMs' training and application processes. These techniques often originate from diverse deep learning domains, with their theoretical inspirations and heuristic motivations appearing unrelated to each other. This study aims to develop a comprehensive framework for LLMs' data optimization techniques to enhance data utilization and efficiency. We first discuss data challenges in LLMs' training and inference. Second, we summarize data perception dimensions for evaluating LLMs' data properties. These dimensions primarily include quality, difficulty, diversity, and redundancy, laying a foundation for subsequent optimization. Third, existing optimization techniques are reviewed and categorized into four groups: data selection, augmentation, reweighting, and others. Fourth, we analyze interconnections between these categories. Finally, we identify key challenges and future directions for LLMs' data optimization compared with conventional deep learning approaches.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33405
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Causal-based approaches to explain and learn from self-extension - A review
2026-10-23 19:29:32Rebeca Marfil, Pablo Bustos, Antonio BanderaAbstract
The last decades have seen a revolution in autonomous robotics. Deep learning approaches and their hardware implementations have made it possible to endow robots with extraordinary perceptual capabilities. In addition, they can also benefit from advances in Automated Planning, allowing them to autonomously solve complex tasks. However, on many occasions, the robot still acts without internalising and understanding the reasons behind a perception or an action, beyond an immediate response to a current state of the context. This gap results in limitations that affect its performance, reliability and trustworthiness. Deep learning alone cannot bridge this gap, because the reasons behind behaviour, when it emanates from a model in which the world is a black-box, are not accessible. What is really needed is an underlying architecture based on deeper reasoning. Among other issues, this architecture should enable the robot to generate explanations, allowing people to know why the robot is performing, or has performed, a certain action, or the reasons that may have caused a certain plan failure or perceptual anomaly. Furthermore, when these explanations arise from a cognitive process and are shared, and thus validated, with people, the robot should be able to incorporate these explanations into its knowledge base, and thus use this understanding to improve future behaviour. Our article looks at recent advances in the development of self-aware, self-evolving robots. These robots are designed to provide the necessary explanations to their human counterparts, thereby enhancing their functional capabilities, in the quest to gain their trust.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33227
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Learning Pathology-Sensitive Representations for Unsupervised Retinal OCT Anomaly Detection
2026-10-23 16:50:29Tania Haghighi, Sina Gholami, Behafarin Emam, Jennifer I Lim, Theodore Leng, Atalie C Thompson, Hamed Tabkhi, Minhaj Nur AlamAbstract
Deep learning approaches for retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) predominantly rely on predefined disease categories, limiting their ability to detect rare or previously unseen abnormalities. While visual foundation models provide transferable representations, their effectiveness in identifying pathological deviations from normal retinal anatomy remains insufficiently understood. In this work, we introduce an unsupervised framework for retinal OCT anomaly detection and localization that adapts pretrained visual representations to normal retinal anatomy through anatomy-aware reconstruction and contrastive triplet learning guided by synthetic structural perturbations, without requiring disease-specific annotations. We systematically investigate the influence of pretraining strategies, anatomy-aware representation adaptation, and anomaly scoring mechanisms on the detection and localization of unseen retinal abnormalities. Our findings demonstrate that adapting pretrained representations to normal retinal structure improves anomaly sensitivity, while pixel-space reconstruction errors and feature-space deviations provide complementary signals for identifying pathological changes. These findings underscore the importance of anatomy-aware representation learning and offer insights into developing generalizable retinal anomaly detection frameworks beyond predefined disease categories.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33143
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Cross-Architectural Feature Fusion for Coronary Artery Stenosis Detection in X-ray Angiography
2026-10-23 14:48:45Haobo Zhu, Mojtaba Lashgari, Jason Chai, Giovanni Luigi De Maria, Vicente Grau, Abhirup BanerjeeAbstract
Coronary artery disease remains a leading cause of mortality, with stenosis detection from invasive X-ray Coronary Angiography (XCA) critical for diagnosis. Manual interpretation is time-consuming, subjective, and variable, especially under low contrast and vessel overlap. Existing deep learning methods often rely solely on detection or segmentation, limiting this http URL propose a hybrid framework, Fusion-YOLOv11-L, combining a YOLOv11-L detector with a pretrained UNet++ via a channel attention gating module. This enables fusion of semantic and vessel-aware structural features, improving localisation of stenotic regions. The UNet++ is pretrained on ARCADE vessel segmentation dataset to provide anatomically informed representations. Experiments on the relabeled ARCADE (ARCADE*) dataset show improved performance over YOLOv11-L, achieving AP@50 of 0.585 and F1-score of 0.596. Cross-domain evaluation on a dataset from the Oxford Acute Myocardial Infarction (OxAMI) Study reveals performance degradation due to domain shift, mitigated using test-time adaptation and augmentation. Test-time augmentation improves AP@50 from 0.434 to 0.480, indicating better generalisability. These results show that cross-architecture feature fusion and lightweight adaptation improve robustness and generalisability of automated stenosis detection in XCA.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.32730
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Interpretable Singing Emotion Recognition Using Acoustic and Vocal Technique Features
2026-10-23 13:42:34Fotini Kiriakopoulou, Vassilis Lyberatos, Spyridon Kantarelis, Athanasios Voulodimos, Giorgos StamouAbstract
Singing emotion recognition relies predominantly on deep learning models that achieve strong performance but offer limited insight into the vocal characteristics driving emotion, of- ten overlooking the singing voice as a distinct signal. We propose an interpretable singing emotion recognition framework using a compact set of singing-specific descriptors across prosody, spec- tral features, phonetics, and vocal technique. To decode model decisions and link predictions to measurable acoustic phenomena, we employ SHAP and apply GRAD-CAM to qualitatively assess the learned representations of vocal techniques. Evaluations show that singing-specific features reduce cross-singer variability, while vocal technique descriptors provide interpretable insights into singing expression. Furthermore, out-of-domain evaluation on VocalSet reveals interesting associations between emotional expression and ground-truth technical execution. The analysis highlights vibrato and pharyngeal techniques as salient cues of emotional delivery, with SHAP indicating that vibrato is context-dependent on articulation rate. These findings emphasize the value of domain-specific features for interpretable singing emotion analysis.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.32629
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Hair Segmentation and Skin Characterization on Macroscopic Dermatological Images for Laser Treatment Parameterization
2026-10-23 13:31:59Alex Navarro Navarro, Marc Arriaga Hidalgo, Carlos Moreno Rubio, Maxime Talarmain, Noelia Vaquero GallardoAbstract
Current light-based devices, such as laser hair removal, intense pulsed light (IPL), vascular laser therapy, and dermatologic phototherapy, are widely used in clinical dermatology but rely heavily on subjective manual parameterization or uncalibrated point-based colorimeters. To overcome these limitations, this work presents a unified system for hair segmentation and skin characterization in macroscopic dermatological images. Unlike most existing literature that relies on dermoscopic datasets captured under highly controlled conditions, our approach is specifically designed for macroscopic images that replicate real clinical laser treatments. The proposed pipeline integrates a custom-trained variant of the YOLOv9 deep learning architecture for instance segmentation and classical image processing within a single workflow to extract objective skin and hair parameters such as phototype, hair density, color, and thickness. A color calibration stage using spectrophotometric measurements ensures accurate feature estimation regardless of illumination conditions. Experimental results show competitive segmentation metrics (mAP@50 $\approx$ 0.80) on a custom dataset featuring short, shaved hairs, typical of pre-treatment scenarios. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed pipeline in providing the objective, foundational skin and hair features required for future automated laser parameterization, paving the way for its extension to broader light-based medical therapies.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.32609
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