Abstract
Does multimodal training shape how a language model thinks, even when the input is text only? We test this with targeted causal ablations across 10 multimodal configurations from 6 model families, with matched text-only backbones and cross-family transfer controls. We contrast spatial-imagery tasks that invite mental scene construction with symbol-manipulation tasks solvable by symbolic rules alone. We identify a vision-language axis in hidden-state space and ablate its projection at inference. In Chameleon-7B, this ablation drops accuracy on BIG-Bench Hard (BBH) navigate by 27.6 pp while leaving boolean expressions intact (+5.6 pp), a 33.2 pp double dissociation. The effect is direction-specific and layer-localized, extends to mental-simulation tasks such as mental rotation, paper folding, and perspective taking, and is not explained by task difficulty, reasoning depth, or sequential update load. Together, these results reveal emergent vision-shaped thinking (EVT): text-only reasoning that causally recruits representations introduced or strengthened by vision-language training, without assuming an image-like internal format. The measured effect is spatially concentrated at 7-8B and broadens to non-spatial visual attribute binding in the tested 32B configuration. In dual-path unified models (BAGEL, Janus-Pro), the causal handle localizes to the generation pathway as a compact one-dimensional carrier. The understanding pathway also encodes spatial information in a higher-rank, probe-decodable form, but is not the causal handle. To separate decodability from causal use, we analyze concentration, alignment, and semantic location. These diagnostics explain why behavior, probing, and intervention can diverge. Multimodal training thus reshapes the geometry of text-only reasoning, not just how visual input is processed.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.14942
